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Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1110
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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The role of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, in preconditioning (PC) was examined with the use of isolated rat hearts subjected to four cyclic episodes of 5-min ischemia and 10-min reperfusion followed by 30-min ischemia and 2-h reperfusion (I/R). A group of hearts was preperfused with 100 µM curcumin, a c-Jun and JNK1 inhibitor, or 5 µM SB 203580, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. Another group of hearts was preperfused with 20 µM anisomycin, a stimulator for both JNK and p38 MAP kinases. I/R increased the protein levels of JNK1, c-Jun, and p38 MAP kinase. PC also enhanced the induction of these kinases, but subsequent I/R-mediated increase was blocked by PC. Curcumin blocked I/R- and PC-mediated increase in JNK1 and c-Jun protein levels, whereas it had no effects on p38 MAP kinase. SB 203580, on the other hand, was equally effective in reducing the p38 MAP kinase activation but exerted no effects on JNK1 and c-Jun induction. I/R-mediated increased myocardial infarction was reduced by any of the following compounds: anisomycin, curcumin, and SB 203580. The cardioprotective effects of PC were abolished by either curcumin or SB 203580. The results demonstrate that PC is mediated by a signal-transduction pathway involving both JNK1 and p38 MAP kinase. Activation of SAPKs, although transient, is obligatory for PC.
stress-activated protein kinases; curcumin; c-Jun amino-terminal kinase-1; c-Jun; p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; adaptation; preconditioning; heart; anisomycin
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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SINCE THE ORIGINAL OBSERVATION that repeated brief episodes of ischemia and reperfusion can trigger potent protective responses, ischemic preconditioning has become a major focus of study in myocardial protection from ischemic and reperfusion injury (7, 16, 23, 24). The mediators of preconditioning include catecholamines, adenosine, bradykinin, and probably a few other hormonal factors (22, 25). Preconditioning is a receptor-mediated process involving both G protein and receptor tyrosine kinase (8). Signal-transduction pathways leading to adaptation involve multiple kinases including protein kinase C and several mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (3, 26). ATP-dependent potassium channels play a crucial role in ischemic preconditioning (9).
The intracellular signaling mechanisms that mediate preconditioning require one or more members of MAP kinase cascades. Among the three distinct MAP kinase families, stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), also known as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAP kinase are known to be regulated by extracellular stresses including environmental stress, oxidative stress, heat shock, and ultraviolet radiation (13). JNKs and p38 MAP kinase appear to be involved in distinct cellular function, because they possess different cellular targets and are located on different signaling pathways. Thus JNKs activate c-Jun, whereas p38 MAP kinase stimulates MAP kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 (10, 21). A recent study demonstrated that preconditioning triggered a tyrosine kinase-regulated signaling pathway leading to the translocation and activation of p38 MAP kinase and MAPKAP kinase 2 (14).
The present study was designed to further examine the roles of the two stress-activated MAP kinases, JNK and p38 MAP kinase, in ischemic preconditioning. The results of our study demonstrate transient activation of JNK1 during preconditioning, which was rapidly reduced to the baseline level after subsequent ischemia and reperfusion. Inhibition of either p38 MAP kinase or JNK1 abolished the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Isolated Perfused Heart Preparation
All animals received care in compliance with the principles of laboratory animal care formulated by the National Society for Medical Research and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Research Council. Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats weighing ~300 g were anesthetized with pentobarbital (80 mg/kg ip). After intravenous administration of heparin (500 IU/kg), the chests were opened, and the hearts were rapidly excised and mounted on a non-recirculating Langendorff perfusion apparatus (6). Retrograde perfusion was established at a pressure of 100 cmH2O with an oxygenated normothermic Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate (KHB) buffer with the following ion concentrations (in mM): 118.0 NaCl, 24.0 NaHCO3, 4.7 KCl, 1.2 KH2PO4, 1.2 MgSO4, 1.7 CaCl2, and 10.0 glucose. The KHB buffer had been previously equilibrated with 95% O2-5% CO2, pH 7.4, at 37°C. The hearts, perfused via working mode (6), were randomly divided into two groups: ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) study group and preconditioning (PC) study group. Each group was subdivided into five groups. The I/R study group was subdivided as follows: isolated hearts 1) perfused with KHB buffer for 2 h and 45 min (control), 2) perfused with KHB buffer for 15 min followed by 30 min of global ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion, 3) perfused with 20 µM anisomycin for 15 min followed by 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion, 4) perfused with 100 µM of curcumin followed by 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion, and 5) perfused with 5 µM SB 203580 followed by 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion. The PC study group was subdivided as follows: isolated hearts 1) perfused with KHB buffer for 3 h and 45 min (control); 2) perfused with KHB buffer for 75 min followed by 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion; 3) perfused with KHB buffer for 15 min and then subjected to PC protocol by induction of four cycles of 5-min ischemia, each followed by 10 min of reperfusion, and further subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion; 4) hearts perfused for 15 min with KHB buffer containing 100 µM curcumin followed by PC, ischemia, and reperfusion as described for group 3; and 5) hearts perfused for 15 min with KHB buffer containing 5 µM SB 203580 followed by PC, ischemia, and reperfusion as described for group 3. The protocol of the experiment is depicted in Fig. 1. Experiments were terminated at various points, and hearts were processed to evaluate the abundance of JNK1, p38 MAP kinase, and c-Jun by Western blot analysis.
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The aortic flow rate was measured by a calibrated rotameter, and the coronary flow rate was measured by timed collection of the coronary effluent. Continuous cardiac pressure measurements were recorded. All measurements were analyzed in real time with the use of a data acquisition, analysis, and presentation system. Direct measurements of heart rate, developed pressure (DP; defined as the aortic systolic minus end-diastolic pressure), and the first derivative of the maximal aortic pressure (dP/dtmax) were made at each time point.
Infarct Size Estimation
Hearts to be used for infarct size calculations (n = 7 for each group) were taken on termination of the experiment and immersed in 1% triphenyltetrazolium solution in phosphate buffer (88 mM Na2HPO4, 1.8 mM NaH2PO4) for 20 min at 37°C; they were then stored at
70°C for later processing (19). Frozen
hearts (including only ventricular tissue) were sliced transversely in
a plane perpendicular to the apico-basal axis into ~1-mm-thick
sections, blotted dry, placed in between microscope slides, and scanned
on a Hewlett-Packard Scanjet 5p single-pass flatbed scanner
(Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA). With the use of NIH Image 1.6.1 image-processing software, each digitized image was subjected to
background subtraction, contrast enhancement, and gray-scale conversion
for improved clarity and distinctness. Risk as well as infarct zones of
each slice were traced, and the respective areas were calculated in
terms of pixels. The weight of each slice was then recorded to
facilitate the expression of total and infarct masses of each slice in
grams. The risk and infarct volumes (in ml) of each slice were
then calculated on the basis of slice weight to remove the introduction
of any errors due to nonuniformity of heart slice thickness. The risk volumes and infarct volumes of each slice were summed to obtain the
risk and infarct volumes for the whole heart. Infarct size was taken to
be the percent infarct volume of risk volume for any one heart.
Western Blot Analysis
To quantify the abundance of JNK1, p38 MAP kinase, and c-Jun protein, heart tissues were homogenized and suspended (5 mg/ml) in sample buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3, 11.5% sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM diisopropyl fluorophosphate, 0.7 mg/ml pepstatin A, 10 mg/ml leupeptin, and 2 mg/ml aprotinin). Proteins were then solubilized with the addition of the same amount of 2× Laemmli solution [9% (wt/vol) SDS, 6% (vol/vol)
-mercaptoethanol, 10% (vol/vol) glycerol, and a
trace amount of bromophenol blue dye in 0.196 M Tris · HCl (pH
6.7)]. The cellular proteins (50-µl samples) were electrophoresed
through 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to Immobilon-P membranes
(Millipore) by use of a semi-dry transfer system (Bio-Rad). Prestained
protein standards (Bio-Rad) were run in each gel. The blots were
blocked in Tris-buffered saline-Tween 20 (containing 20 mM Tris base,
pH 7.6, 137 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) supplemented with 5% BSA for
1 h; incubated with a 1:1,000 dilution of primary rabbit
antibodies, specifically against either Tyr-182-phosphorylated p38 MAP
kinase (NEB) or JNK1 (Santa Cruz Biotech) for 2 h; and then
incubated with 1:10,000 diluted secondary antibodies of horseradish
peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (Boehringer Mannheim) for 1 h at room temperature. After three washes of 5 min each, blots were
treated with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL from Amersham) reagents,
and the phosphorylated MAP kinase, JNK1, and c-Jun were detected by
autoradiography for variable lengths of time (15 s to 3 min) with Kodak
X-Omat film. Each blot was scanned with a scanning densitometer, and
the results are shown as means ± SE of six different blots per group.
Statistical Analysis
For statistical analysis, a two-way ANOVA followed by Scheffé's test was first carried out with the use of PRIMER computer program (McGraw-Hill) to test for any differences between groups. If differences were established, the values were compared with the use of Student's t-test for paired data. The values were expressed as means ± SE. The results were considered significant at P < 0.05.| |
RESULTS |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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Studies with I/R Group
Effects of I/R on JNK1 and p38 MAP kinase expression.
Thirty minutes of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion
significantly enhanced the amount of protein levels of JNK1 (Fig. 2A). Preperfusion of
the hearts with anisomycin also significantly enhanced the amount of
JNK1. However, anisomycin treatment significantly blocked the
subsequent further enhancement of JNK1 due to I/R (data not shown).
Curcumin blocked the expression of JNK1, whereas SB 203580 had no
effects on JNK1 protein levels.
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Effects of I/R on c-Jun expression. Two hours of reperfusion after 30 min of global ischemia increased the abundance of the protein level of c-Jun (Fig. 2B). The I/R-mediated enhancement of c-Jun protein level was blocked by curcumin, whereas SB 203580 had no effect. Anisomycin induced the amount of c-Jun in the preischemic myocardium (data not shown) but failed to further increase the protein level after subsequent ischemia and reperfusion (Fig. 2B).
Effects of I/R, anisomycin, curcumin, and SB 203580 on myocardial
infarct size.
Thirty minutes of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion produced
a significant amount of myocardial infarction (Fig.
3). For example, at the end of
reperfusion, the infarct size (expressed as the percentage of area at
risk) was 36.3 ± 4.7 (P < 0.05) compared with
only 3.2 ± 2.5. Infarct size was significantly reduced,
compared with control perfused hearts, by pretreatment of the hearts
with either anisomycin (24.3 ± 2.2) or curcumin (20.5 ± 2.3) or SB 203580 (19.0 ± 2.1) (P < 0.05 each,
compared with I/R).
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Effects of I/R, anisomycin, curcumin, and SB 203580 on cardiac
function.
As shown in Table 1, cardiac function
remained unaltered after perfusion of the heart for 2 h and 45 min
with the KHB buffer. Thirty minutes of ischemia followed by 2 h of
reperfusion lowered the values for DP, dP/dtmax,
and aortic flow (42.4 ± 3.5 mmHg, 1,589 ± 122 mmHg/s, and
17.8 ± 2.0 ml/min, respectively) compared with the corresponding
controls (98.0 ± 2.9 mmHg, 3,723 ± 112 mmHg/s, and
39.4 ± 1.8 ml/min, respectively). Anisomycin exerted PC stimulus
as evidenced by its ability to improve I/R-induced lowered DP,
dP/dtmax, and aortic flow to 68.7 ± 2.8 mmHg, 2,332 ± 57 mmHg/s, and 25.0 ± 0.8 ml/min,
respectively. Preperfusion of the hearts with either curcumin or SB
203580 before I/R improved cardiac function compared with the I/R group
(Table 1). Coronary flow and heart rate remained unaltered by any
treatment protocol.
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Studies with PC Group
Effects of PC on JNK1 and p38 MAP kinase.
PC of the heart resulted in the increased induction of JNK1 protein
levels compared with control perfused group (Fig.
4A). However, PC-induced
increase in the JNK1 level was significantly reduced during subsequent
ischemia and reperfusion. Curcumin inhibited PC-mediated increased
abundance of JNK1 protein level, whereas SB 203580 had no effect on
JNK1 protein level. p38 MAP kinase was also induced by PC (Fig.
4C), which was reduced slightly after subsequent I/R. SB
203580, but not curcumin, inhibited the PC-mediated increase in p38 MAP
kinase protein level.
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Effects of PC on c-Jun. PC also enhanced the synthesis of c-Jun protein level; the abundance of c-Jun was significantly reduced during subsequent I/R (Fig. 4B). The PC-induced enhancement of c-Jun was blocked by curcumin, whereas SB 203580 had no effect on the amount of c-Jun induced by PC.
Effects of PC, curcumin, and SB 203580 on myocardial infarct size.
PC of the heart with cyclic episodes of ischemia and reperfusion
reduced the amount of infarct size significantly (19.5 ± 1.4)
(P < 0.5 compared with I/R) compared with that for I/R
(39.2 ± 4.3) (Fig. 5). The infarct
size-lowering ability of PC was almost completely abolished by
pretreatment of the hearts with either curcumin (31.4 ± 2.8) or
SB 203580 (33.7 ± 2.7) (P < 0.05 compared with
PC).
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Effects of I/R, PC, curcumin, and SB 203580 on cardiac function.
As shown in Table 2, cardiac function
remained practically unaltered after perfusion of the heart for 3 h and 45 min with the KHB buffer. Sixty minutes of perfusion with KHB
buffer followed by 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of
reperfusion lowered the values for DP, dP/dtmax,
and aortic flow (37.0 ± 2.8 mmHg, 1,320 ± 78 mmHg/s, and
13.5 ± 1.2 ml/min, respectively) compared with the corresponding
controls (94.0 ± 3.2 mmHg, 3,496 ± 89 mmHg/s, and 37.4 ± 1.1 ml/min, respectively). PC of the hearts by four cyclic episodes
of 5-min ischemia and 10-min reperfusion improved I/R-induced
lowered DP, dP/dtmax, and aortic
flow to 64.4 ± 3.3 mmHg, 2,235 ± 116 mmHg/s, and 28.0 ± 0.5 ml/min, respectively. Preperfusion of the hearts with either
curcumin or SB 203580 before PC partially abolished the
cardioprotective effects of PC (Table 2). Again, heart rate and
coronary flow were not affected by any of the above treatments.
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DISCUSSION |
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TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
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The results of our study document that 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion increased the induction of JNK1, c-JUN, and p38 MAP kinase proteins. Ischemic preconditioning also enhanced these kinases compared with control. However, the subsequent I/R-mediated increase in JNK1, p38 MAP kinase, and c-Jun was blocked by preconditioning. Fifteen minutes of perfusion with anisomycin increased the amount of both JNK1 and p38 MAP kinase as well as c-Jun in the heart, all of which were decreased in amount after subsequent I/R. Curcumin blocked the I/R- and preconditioning-mediated increase in JNK1 and c-Jun, whereas it had no effect on p38 MAP kinase. SB 203580, on the other hand, was equally effective in reducing the amount of p38 MAP kinase but exerted no effects on JNK1 and c-Jun. I/R-mediated increased myocardial infarction was reduced by treatment of the hearts with anisomycin, curcumin, or SB 203580. The cardioprotective effects of preconditioning were abolished by either curcumin or SB 203580.
A number of previous studies demonstrated that JNKs are activated during the reperfusion of ischemic myocardium (12, 17). There are two members of the JNK family, JNK1 (46 kDa) and JNK2 (55 kDa), both of which can phosphorylate c-Jun on specific NH2-terminal serine residues (13). Existing reports support the role of both JNK1 and JNK2 in myocardial I/R injury (1). The results of the present study document that JNK1 is activated by both I/R and preconditioning. However, activation of JNK1 during preconditioning appears to be transient, because the amount of JNK1 protein levels came down to near baseline values after subsequent ischemia and reperfusion. Consistent with these findings, we also noticed induction of the expression of c-Jun in the I/R and preconditioned myocardium. Induction of the expression of c-Jun mRNA during I/R and preconditioning was reported previously (4). JNK1 not only possesses high affinity for the transcription factor c-Jun, but it also stimulates the expression of genes containing c-Jun-responsive promoter elements (20).
Although preconditioning-mediated activation of JNK1 is transient, such activation appears to be obligatory for preconditioning, because inhibition of JNK1 activation by curcumin blocked the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. Curcumin is a dietary pigment that has been shown to inhibit JNK (2) and c-Jun (11). Transient activation of JNK1 by anisomycin mimicking the preconditioning effects on heart further supports an essential role of JNK1 in preconditioning.
The results of the present study also demonstrated activation of p38 MAP kinase during I/R and preconditioning, supporting a number of previous reports (26). Interestingly, preconditioning-mediated increased p38 MAP kinase was also lowered slightly during subsequent I/R. I/R-induced p38 MAP kinase activation was significantly higher compared with that found in the preconditioned myocardium. Although the activation of p38 MAP kinase requires dual phosphorylation like other members of the MAP kinase family, the substrate specificity of p38 MAP kinase is quite different from that of the JNK subgroup of MAP kinases. Thus, unlike other MAP kinases, p38 MAP kinase activates the MAPKAP kinase 2 (21). It is speculated that P38 MAP kinase signaling has a distinct function in the cell, and this was supported by the recent findings that proinflammatory cytokines lead to the activation of p38 MAP kinase, which, in turn, results in the phosphorylation of heat stress protein (HSP)-27 (18). Recently, two MAP kinase kinases (MKK3 and MKK4) have been discovered, the former being specific for p38 MAP kinase whereas the latter can activate both p38 and JNK MAP kinases (5).
Similar to JNK1, activation of p38 MAP kinase also appears to be an essential step for preconditioning. Activation of p38 MAP kinase with anisomycin mimicked the infarct size-lowering effects of preconditioning, whereas inhibition of p38 MAP kinase with SB 203580 abolished the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that SB 203580 also inhibits the preconditioning-mediated activation of MAPKAP kinase 2, a specific downstream target for p38 MAP kinase (15).
In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that preconditioning-mediated activation is transient, occurring immediately on preconditioning. Such activation is obligatory, i.e., preconditioning cannot confer cardioprotection unless p38 MAP kinase and JNK1 are not activated. Our results further indicate that both p38 MAP kinase and JNK1 regulate the preconditioning-mediated cardioprotection. Thus inhibition of one of them only partially abolished the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. This was confirmed by pretreatment of the hearts with anisomycin, which activates both p38 MAP kinase and JNK. On the other hand, such activation is transient; the expression is lowered during subsequent I/R. Interestingly, I/R by itself activates both p38 MAP kinase and JNK1, which adversely affects cardiac function and contributes to I/R injury. Inhibition of the I/R-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase and JNK confers cardioprotection. It is speculated that JNK1 and p38 MAP kinase play a pivotal role in transmembrane signaling that is obligatory for preconditioning.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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This study was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Grants HL-34360, HL-22559, HL-33889, and HL-56803 as well as a Grant-in-Aid from the American Heart Association.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: D. K. Das, Cardiovascular Div., Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110 (E-mail: ddas{at}neuron.uchc.edu).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 22 December 1999; accepted in final form 28 February 2000.
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TOP
ABSTRACT
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
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C. Berndt, C. H. Lillig, and A. Holmgren Thiol-based mechanisms of the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems: implications for diseases in the cardiovascular system Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2007; 292(3): H1227 - H1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Li, J. Y. Ma, I. Kerr, S. Chakravarty, S. Dugar, G. Schreiner, and A. A. Protter Selective inhibition of p38{alpha} MAPK improves cardiac function and reduces myocardial apoptosis in rat model of myocardial injury Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): H1972 - H1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Hausenloy and D. M. Yellon Survival kinases in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 240 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kyoi, H. Otani, S. Matsuhisa, Y. Akita, K. Tatsumi, C. Enoki, H. Fujiwara, H. Imamura, H. Kamihata, and T. Iwasaka Opposing effect of p38 MAP kinase and JNK inhibitors on the development of heart failure in the cardiomyopathic hamster Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2006; 69(4): 888 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Pitcher, M. Wang, B. M. Tsai, A. Kher, N. T. Nelson, and D. R. Meldrum Endogenous estrogen mediates a higher threshold for endotoxin-induced myocardial protection in females Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): R27 - R33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Maulik Effect of p38 MAP kinase on cellular events during ischemia and reperfusion: possible therapy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2302 - H2303. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Das, S. R. Powell, P. Wang, A. Divald, K. Nesaretnam, A. Tosaki, G. A. Cordis, N. Maulik, and D. K. Das Cardioprotection with palm tocotrienol: antioxidant activity of tocotrienol is linked with its ability to stabilize proteasomes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): H361 - H367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Ballard-Croft, G. Kristo, Y. Yoshimura, E. Reid, B. J. Keith, R. M. Mentzer Jr., and R. D. Lasley Acute adenosine preconditioning is mediated by p38 MAPK activation in discrete subcellular compartments Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1359 - H1366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Das, G. A. Cordis, N. Maulik, and D. K. Das Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: role of CREB-dependent Bcl-2 signaling via adenosine A3 receptor activation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H328 - H335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Garcia-Barros, D. Lacorazza, H. Petrie, A. Haimovitz-Friedman, C. Cardon-Cardo, S. Nimer, Z. Fuks, and R. Kolesnick Host Acid Sphingomyelinase Regulates Microvascular Function Not Tumor Immunity Cancer Res., November 15, 2004; 64(22): 8285 - 8291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. YELLON and J. M. DOWNEY Preconditioning the Myocardium: From Cellular Physiology to Clinical Cardiology Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1113 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Yamaura, T. Turoczi, F. Yamamoto, M. A. Q. Siddqui, N. Maulik, and D. K. Das STAT signaling in ischemic heart: a role of STAT5A in ischemic preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 11, 2003; 285(2): H476 - H482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Martire, B. Fernandez, A. Buehler, C. Strohm, J. Schaper, R. Zimmermann, P. E Kolattukudy, and W. Schaper Cardiac overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in transgenic mice mimics ischemic preconditioning through SAPK/JNK1/2 activation Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2003; 57(2): 523 - 534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Schulz, S. Belosjorow, P. Gres, J. Jansen, M. C Michel, and G. Heusch p38 MAP kinase is a mediator of ischemic preconditioning in pigs Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 690 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Hattori, H. Otani, N. Maulik, and D. K. Das Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: role of nitric oxide Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H1988 - H1995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Schulz, M. V Cohen, M. Behrends, J. M Downey, and G. Heusch Signal transduction of ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2001; 52(2): 181 - 198. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Mubagwa and W. Flameng Adenosine, adenosine receptors and myocardial protection: An updated overview Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2001; 52(1): 25 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Fryer, H. H. Patel, A. K. Hsu, and G. J. Gross Stress-activated protein kinase phosphorylation during cardioprotection in the ischemic myocardium Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2001; 281(3): H1184 - H1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. C. Zhao, M. M. Taher, K. C. Valerie, and R. C. Kukreja p38 Triggers Late Preconditioning Elicited by Anisomycin in Heart: Involvement of NF-{kappa}B and iNOS Circ. Res., November 9, 2001; 89(10): 915 - 922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P < 0.05 compared with PC hearts.
