| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, G11 6NT Glasgow, United Kingdom; 2 Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W 1R7; 3 Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912; and 4 Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
Angiotensin II (ANG II) is a pleiotropic vasoactive peptide that binds to two distinct receptors: the ANG II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) results in vascular hypertrophy, vasoconstriction, salt and water retention, and hypertension. These effects are mediated predominantly by AT1 receptors. Paradoxically, other ANG II-mediated effects, including cell death, vasodilation, and natriuresis, are mediated by AT2 receptor activation. Our understanding of ANG II signaling mechanisms remains incomplete. AT1 receptor activation triggers a variety of intracellular systems, including tyrosine kinase-induced protein phosphorylation, production of arachidonic acid metabolites, alteration of reactive oxidant species activities, and fluxes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. AT2 receptor activation leads to stimulation of bradykinin, nitric oxide production, and prostaglandin metabolism, which are, in large part, opposite to the effects of the AT1 receptor. The signaling pathways of ANG II receptor activation are a focus of intense investigative effort. We critically appraise the literature on the signaling mechanisms whereby AT1 and AT2 receptors elicit their respective actions. We also consider the recently reported interaction between ANG II and ceramide, a lipid second messenger that mediates cytokine receptor activation. Finally, we discuss the potential physiological cross talk that may be operative between the angiotensin receptor subtypes in relation to health and cardiovascular disease. This may be clinically relevant, inasmuch as inhibitors of the RAS are increasingly used in treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease, where activation of the RAS is recognized.
renin-angiotensin system; angiotensin receptor antagonist; second messenger
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. K. Sampson, K. M. Moritz, E. S. Jones, R. L. Flower, R. E. Widdop, and K. M. Denton Enhanced Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Mechanisms Mediate Decreases in Arterial Pressure Attributable to Chronic Low-Dose Angiotensin II in Female Rats Hypertension, October 1, 2008; 52(4): 666 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Carneiro-Ramos, G. P. Diniz, J. Almeida, R. L. P. Vieira, S. V. B. Pinheiro, R. A. Santos, and M. L. M. Barreto-Chaves Cardiac angiotensin II type I and type II receptors are increased in rats submitted to experimental hypothyroidism J. Physiol., August 15, 2007; 583(1): 213 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. C. Munk, L. Sanchez de Miguel, M. Petrimpol, N. Butz, A. Banfi, U. Eriksson, L. Hein, R. Humar, and E. J. Battegay Angiotensin II Induces Angiogenesis in the Hypoxic Adult Mouse Heart In Vitro Through an AT2-B2 Receptor Pathway Hypertension, May 1, 2007; 49(5): 1178 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. O. Sampaio, R. A. Souza dos Santos, R. Faria-Silva, L. T. da Mata Machado, E. L. Schiffrin, and R. M. Touyz Angiotensin-(1-7) Through Receptor Mas Mediates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation via Akt-Dependent Pathways Hypertension, January 1, 2007; 49(1): 185 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Inoue, L. J. Jensen, J. Shi, H. Morita, M. Nishida, A. Honda, and Y. Ito Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Cardiovascular Function and Disease Circ. Res., July 21, 2006; 99(2): 119 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Ewert, T Sjoberg, B Johansson, A Duvetorp, M Holm, and L Fandriks Dynamic expression of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor and duodenal mucosal alkaline secretion in the Sprague-Dawley rat Exp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 91(1): 191 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Li and K. U. Malik Angiotensin II-induced Akt activation is mediated by metabolites of arachidonic acid generated by CaMKII-stimulated Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2306 - H2316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Sun, X. Wang, C. E. Wood, and J. R. Cade Genetic AT1A receptor deficiency attenuates cold-induced hypertension Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): R433 - R439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. P. Didion and F. M. Faraci Ceramide-Induced Impairment of Endothelial Function Is Prevented by CuZn Superoxide Dismutase Overexpression Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 90 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kazama, J. Anrather, P. Zhou, H. Girouard, K. Frys, T. A. Milner, and C. Iadecola Angiotensin II Impairs Neurovascular Coupling in Neocortex Through NADPH Oxidase-Derived Radicals Circ. Res., November 12, 2004; 95(10): 1019 - 1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Wang, J. Anrather, J. Huang, R. C. Speth, V. M. Pickel, and C. Iadecola NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Angiotensin II Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius J. Neurosci., June 16, 2004; 24(24): 5516 - 5524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Booz Cardiac Angiotensin AT2 Receptor: What Exactly Does It Do? Hypertension, June 1, 2004; 43(6): 1162 - 1163. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhou, W. P. Dirksen, G. J. Babu, and M. Periasamy Differential vasoconstrictions induced by angiotensin II: role of AT1 and AT2 receptors in isolated C57BL/6J mouse blood vessels Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2797 - H2803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhou, Y. Chen, W. P. Dirksen, M. Morris, and M. Periasamy AT1b Receptor Predominantly Mediates Contractions in Major Mouse Blood Vessels Circ. Res., November 28, 2003; 93(11): 1089 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Kong and Y. C. Li Effect of ANG II type I receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor on vitamin D receptor-null mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2003; 285(1): R255 - R261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Rhinehart, C. A. Handelsman, E. P. Silldorff, and T. L. Pallone ANG II AT2 receptor modulates AT1 receptor-mediated descending vasa recta endothelial Ca2+ signaling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): H779 - H789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sarkis, K. L. Liu, M. Lo, and D. Benzoni Angiotensin II and renal medullary blood flow in Lyon rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): F365 - F372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Murphey, D. Vaughan, and N. Brown Contribution of bradykinin to the cardioprotective effects of ACE inhibitors Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_A): A37 - A41. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Llorens-Cortes and F. A. Mendelsohn Organisation and functional role of the brain angiotensin system Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1_suppl): S39 - S48. [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
