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Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
To evaluate the
temporal relationship between blood flow, blood pressure, and muscle
contractions, we continuously measured femoral arterial inflow with
ultrasound Doppler at onset of passive exercise and voluntary,
one-legged, dynamic knee-extensor exercise in humans. Blood velocity
and inflow increased (P < 0.006)
with the first relaxation of passive and voluntary exercise, whereas the arterial-venous pressure difference was unaltered
[P = not significant
(NS)]. During steady-state exercise, and with arterial pressure
as a superimposed influence, blood velocity was affected by the muscle
pump, peaking (P < 0.001) at ~2.5 ± 0.3 m/s as the relaxation coincided with peak systolic arterial
blood pressure; blood velocity decreased
(P < 0.001) to 44.2 ± 8.6 and
28.5 ± 5.5% of peak velocity at the second dicrotic and diastolic
blood pressure notches, respectively. Mechanical hindrance occurred (P < 0.001) during the contraction
phase at blood pressures less than or equal to that at the second
dicrotic notch. The increase in blood flow
(
) was characterized by a
one-component (~15% of peak power output), two-component
(~40-70% of peak power output), or three-component exponential
model (
75% of peak power output), where
(t) = passive + 
1 · [1 
e
(t TD1/
1)] + 2 · [1
e(t TD2/2)] + 3 · [1 e(t TD3/3)]; passive,
the blood flow during passive leg movement, equals 1.17 ± 0.11 l/min; TD is the onset latency; 
is the time constant; is the magnitude of blood flow rise; and
subscripts 1-3 refer to the first, second, and third components of
the exponential model, respectively. The time to reach
50% of the difference between passive and voluntary asymptotic blood
flow was ~2.2-8.9 s. The blood flow leveled off after
~10-150 s, related to the power outputs. It is concluded that
the elevation in blood flow with the first duty cycle(s) is due to
muscle mechanical factors, but vasodilators initiate a more potent
amplification within the second to fourth contraction.
blood pressure; muscle pump; intramuscular pressure; vasodilatation
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